Palmeiras Africanas em Solos Brasileiros: Transformação Socioecológica e a Construção de uma Paisagem Afro-Brasileira
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32991/2237-2717.2020v10i1.p150-193Palabras clave:
Dendezeiro, Culturas e Ambientes Afro-Brasileiros, Resistência, Diáspora Africana, Intercâmbios ColoniaisResumen
As histórias ambientais da diáspora africana desafiam as interpretações eurocêntricas dos intercâmbios atlânticos após a colonização, identificando antecedentes africanos nas paisagens e culturas do Novo Mundo. Desse modo, este artigo une esse esforço, traçando a formação de paisagens africanas através do dendê (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) na Bahia, Brasil. A palmeira africana de dendê e seus produtos foram difundidos na Bahia no início do período colonial. O azeite extraído dos seus frutos tornou-se um componente integral da cultura e da culinária afro-brasileira, e os bosques das palmeiras que produzem esse azeite vieram para representar uma paisagem afro-brasileira. Apesar do centro de origem do dendezeiro ser na África Ocidental, a espécie é mais difundida e importante para as culturas locais e economias globais, porém, os estudos sobre o azeite-de-dendê na Bahia são raros e geralmente realizados sem atenção das mudanças históricas e ecológicas de longo prazo. O presente estudo reúne evidências de arquivos coloniais, relatos de viajantes, etnografias, trabalhos de campo e dados geográficos para analisar a formação da Costa do Dendê no litoral sul da Bahia. Africanos e afro-brasileiros emergiram como atores principais e esta análise os coloca dentro de uma estrutura socioecológica mais ampla, para demonstrar como a agência humana se uniu com flora e fauna, bem com os processos históricos, geográficos e agroecológicos para estabelecer e sustentar uma paisagem afro-brasileira.
Citas
Academia Real das Sciencias, ed. “Navegação de Lisboa á Ilha de S. Thomé.” In Collecçao de Noticias Para a História e Geografia Das Nações Ultramarinas, Vol. 2. Lisboa: Typographia da Academia Real das Sciencias, 1812.
Alves Filho, Ivan. Memorial Dos Palmares. Rio de Janeiro: Xenon, 1988.
Anais Da Biblioteca Nacional. Vol. 111. Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca Nacional, 1991.
Anais Da Biblioteca Nacional. Vol. 112. Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca Nacional, 1992.
Barickman, B. J. Bahian Counterpoint: Sugar, Tobacco, Cassava, and Slavery in the Recôncavo, 1780–1860. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998.
Berlin, Ira, and Philip D. Morgan. Cultivation and Culture: Labor and the Shaping of Slave Life in the Americas. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1993.
Bondar, Gregório. O Dendêzeiro. São Paulo: Edições Melhoramentos, 1954.
Brazil. Diagnóstico Socio-Econômico Da Região Cacaueira. Vol. 13. Comissão Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira, Inter-American Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 1975.
Burkill, Humphrey M. The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa. 2nd ed. Vol. 4. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, 2004.
Cardim, Fernão. Tratados Da Terra e Gente Do Brasil. São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1939.
Carneiro, Edison. Ladinos e Crioulos: Estudos Sobre o Negro No Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 1964.
———. O Quilombo Dos Palmares. São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1958.
Carney, Judith Ann. Black Rice: The African Origins of Rice Cultivation in the Americas, 2001.
———. “Landscapes and Places of Memory: African Diaspora Research and Geography.” In The African Diaspora and the Disciplines, edited by Tejumola Olaniyan and James H. Sweet, 101–18. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2010.
———. “‘With Grains in Her Hair’: Rice in Colonial Brazil.” Slavery & Abolition 25, no. 1 (April 2004): 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144039042000220900.
Carney, Judith Ann, and Richard Nicholas Rosomoff. In the Shadow of Slavery: Africa’s Botanical Legacy in the Atlantic World. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009.
Cascudo, Luís da Câmara. História Da Alimentação No Brasil. São Paulo: Global Editora, 2011.
Castillo, Lisa Earl. “O Terreiro Do Alaketu e Seus Fundadores: História e Genealogia Familiar, 1807-1867.” Afro-Ásia 43 (2011): 213–59. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.9771/aa.v0i43.21225.
Cirano, Mauro, and Guilherme Camargo Lessa. “Oceanographic Characteristics of Baía de Todos Os Santos, Brazil.” Revista Brasileira de Geofísica 25, no. 4 (December 2007): 363–87. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-261X2007000400002.
Clusius, Carolus. Exoticorum Libri Decem: Quibus Animalium, Plantarum, Aromatum, Aliorumque Peregrinorum Fructuum Historiae Describuntur. Leiden: Plantianâ Raphelengii, 1605.
Coe, Felix G., and Gregory J. Anderson. “Ethnobotany of the Garífuna of Eastern Nicaragua.” Economic Botany 50, no. 1 (January 1996): 71–107. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02862114.
Corley, R. H. V., and P. B. Tinker. The Oil Palm. 4th ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science Ltd, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470750971.
Costa, Emilia Viotti Da. The Brazilian Empire: Myths and Histories. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.
Crosby, Alfred W. The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492. California: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1972.
D’Abbeville, Claude. Histoire de La Mission Des Peres Capucins En La Isle de Maragnan et Terres Circonuoisines. Paris: François Huby, 1614.
Dampier, William. Dampier’s Voyage. Vol. 2. Londres: E. Grant Richards, 1906.
Dias, Gentil Martins. Depois Do Latifúndio: Continuidade e Mudança Na Sociedade Rural Nordestina. Rio de Janeiro: Tempo Brasileiro, 1978.
Duke, James A. Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of Latin America. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2008.
Emory Libraries & Information Thechnology. “Viagens Em Escravo,” 2013. https://slavevoyages.org/.
Escobar, Arturo. Territories of Difference: Place, Movements, Life, Redes. Durham: Duke University Press, 2008.
Friedemann, Nina S. de, and Jaime Arocha. De Sol a Sol: Génesis, Transformación y Presencia de Los Negros En Colombia. Bogotá: Planeta Colmbiana Editorial, 1986.
Gândavo, Pero de Magalhães. História Da Província Santa Cruz: A Que Vulgarmente Chamamos Brasil. Lisboa: Biblioteca Nacional, 1984.
Gaspar, David Barry, and Darlene Clark Hine. More Than Chattel: Black Women and Slavery in the Americas. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996.
Gomes, Flávio dos Santos. Palmares: Escravidão e Liberdade No Atlântico Sul. São Paulo: Editora Contexto, 2005.
Graham, Richard. Feeding the City: From Street Market to Liberal Reform in Salvador, Brazil, 1780–1860. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2010.
Harlan, Jack Rodney, Jan M. J. De Wet, and Ann B. L. Stemler. “Plant Domestication and Indigenous African Agriculture.” In Origins of African Plant Domestication, edited by Jack Rodney Harlan, Jan M. J. De Wet, and Ann B. L. Stemler, 3–20. Berlin, New York: Mouton, 1976. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110806373.
Harris, David R. Plants, Animals, and Man in the Outer Leeward Islands, West Indies: An Ecological Study of Antigua, Barbuda, and Anguilla. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1965.
———. “Traditional Systems of Plant Food Production and the Origins of Agriculture in West Africa.” In Origins of African Plant Domestication, edited by Jack Rodney Harlan, Jan M. J. De Wet, and Ann B. L. Stemler, 311–56. The Hague: Mouton, 1976.
Hartley, Charles William Stewart. The Oil Palm (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq.). Essex: Longman Scientific & Technical, 1988.
Hoehne, F. C. Botanica e Agricultura No Brasil No Seculo XVI: Pesquisas e Contribuicoes. São Paulo: Editora Nacional, 1937.
IBGE. “Portal Do IBGE,” 2013. http://www.ibge.gov.br/.
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais. “CBERS,” 2013. http://www.cbers.inpe.br/.
Jacquin, Nikolaus Joseph von. Selectarum Stirpium Americanarum Historia. Vindobonae: Ex officina Krausiana, 1763.
Johnson, H. B. “Portuguese Settlement, 1500–1580.” In Colonial Brazil, edited by Leslie Bethell, 1–38. Cambridge University Press, 1987. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511609510.003.
Jones, Adam. West Africa in the Mid-Seventeenth Century: An Anonymous Dutch Manuscript. Atlanta: Emory University, 1995.
Jones, William O. Manioc in Africa. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1959.
Joseph Calder Miller. Way of Death: Merchant Capitalism and the Angolan Slave Trade, 1730–1830. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1997.
Knigge, LaDona, and Meghan Cope. “Grounded Visualization: Integrating the Analysis of Qualitative and Quantitative Data through Grounded Theory and Visualization.” Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 38, no. 11 (November 24, 2006): 2021–37. https://doi.org/10.1068/a37327.
Ligon, Richard, and Karen Ordahl Kupperman. A True and Exact History of the Island of Barbados. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 2011.
Lody, Raul Giovanni da Motta. Tem Dendê, Tem Axé: Etnografia Do Dendezeiro. Rio de Janeiro: Pallas, 1992.
Macaulay, H. W., and Walter W. Lewis. “Her Majesty’s Commissioners to Viscount Palmerston, No. 17.” In Correspondence with the British Commissioners Relating to the Slave Trade: Sierra Leone, The Havana, Rio de Janeiro, and Surinam, Vol. 15. London: W. Clowes and Sons, 1838.
Mahony, Mary Ann. “The World Cacao Made: Society, Politics, and History in Southern Bahia, Brazil, 1822–1919.” Yale University, 1996.
Mann, Kristin. Slavery and the Birth of an African City: Lagos, 1760–1900. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007.
Marggraf, Georg. “Historiae Plantarum.” In Historia Naturalis Brasiliae, edited by Guilherme Piso, George Marcgraf, H. Gralitzio, and João de Laet, Vol. 3. Lugdun. Batavorum: Apud Franciscum Hackium, 1648.
“Mercado de Importação.” Boletim Da Secretaria de Agricultura, Viação, Indústria e Obras Públicas Do Estado Da Bahia 2, no. 1–2 (1904): 89.
Miller, Ivor. Voice of the Leopard: African Secret Societies and Cuba. Oxford: University Press of Mississippi, 2009.
Miller, Philip. The Gardeners Dictionary. London: Printed for the author and sold by John and Francis Rivington, 1768.
Miller, Shawn W. “Stilt-Root Subsistence: Colonial Mangroves and Brazil’s Landless Poor.” Hispanic American Historical Review 83, no. 2 (May 1, 2003): 223–53. https://doi.org/10.1215/00182168-83-2-223.
Norman, William C. Van. Shade-Grown Slavery: The Lives of Slaves on Coffee Plantations in Cuba. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Pres, 2013.
Parés, Luis Nicolau. The Formation of Candomblé: Vodun History and Ritual in Brazil. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013.
Pereira, Duarte Pacheco. Esmeraldo de Situ Orbis. London: Hakluyt Society, 1937.
Piso, Guilherme. “De Medicina Brasiliensi.” In Historia Naturalis Brasiliae, edited by Guilherme Piso, George Marcgraf, H. Gralitzio, and João de Laet, 1:1–14. Lugdun. Batavorum: Apud Franciscum Hackium, 1648.
“Quilombola,” 2013. http://www.palmares.gov.br/quilombola.
Rangan, Haripriya, Judith Ann Carney, and Tim Denham. “Environmental History of Botanical Exchanges in the Indian Ocean World.” Environment and History 18, no. 3 (August 1, 2012): 311–42. https://doi.org/10.3197/096734012X13400389809256.
Rediker, Marcus. The Slave Ship: A Human History. New York: Viking, 2008.
Reis, João José, and Eduardo Silva. Negociação e Conflito: A Resistência Negra No Brasil Escravista. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1989.
Ribeiro, Orlando. Aspectos e Problemas Da Expansão Portuguesa. Estudos de Ciências Políticas e Sociais, 59. Lisboa: Junta de Investigações do Ultramar, 1962.
Rodrigues, José Honório. Brasil e África Outro Horizonte. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1965.
Salvador, Vicente do. História Do Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca Nacional, 1889.
Schneider, John T. Dictionary of African Borrowings in Brazilian Portuguese. Hamburg: Verlag, 1991.
Schwartz, Stuart B. “Plantations and Peripheries, c. 1580–c. 1750.” In Colonial Brazil, edited by Leslie Bethell, 67–144. Cambridge University Press, 1987.
———. Slaves, Peasants, and Rebels: Reconsidering Brazilian Slavery. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992.
———. Sugar Plantations in the Formation of Brazilian Society: Bahia, 1550–1835. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
Scott, James C. Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985.
Silva, Ignacio Accioli de Cerqueira e. Memorias Históricas e Políticas de Província Da Bahia. Vol. 1. Salvador: Typografia do Correio Mercantil, 1835.
Silveira, Simão Estácio da. Relação Sumária Das Cousas Do Maranhão: Dirigida Aos Pobres Deste Reino de Portugal. 8th ed. São Luís: Editora Siciliano, 2001.
Sloane, Hans. Catalogus Plantarum Quae in Insula Jamaica. London: Impensis D. Brown, 1688.
Sluyter, Andrew. Black Ranching Frontiers: African Cattle Herders of the Atlantic World, 1500–1900. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012.
———. Colonialism and Landscape: Postcolonial Theory and Applications. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002.
Sousa, Gabriel Soares de. Tratado Descriptivo Do Brasil Em 1587. Rio de Janeiro: Typographia de João Ignacio da Silva, 1879.
Sousa, Gaspar de. “Regimento de Gaspar de Sousa, de 6 de Outubro de 1612.” In Raízes Da Formação Administrativa Do Brasil, edited by M. C. de Mendonça, 413–36. Rio de Janeiro: Conselho Federal de Cultura, 1972.
Spix, Johann von, and Karl von Martius. Através Da Bahia: Excertos Da Obra Reise in Brasilien. Translated by Manoel Augusto Pirajá da Silva and Paulo Wolf. São Paulo: Companhia editora nacional, 1938.
Studart, G. “Cópia de Alguns Capítulos Do Regimento Do Governador Do Maranhão, Que Se Passou a Francisco Coelho de Carvalho.” In Documentos Para a Historia Do Brasil e Especialmente a Do Ceará, 236–43. Lisboa: Typographia Minerva, 1909.
Svalesen, Leif. The Slave Ship Fredensborg. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000.
Sweet, James H. “Reimagining the African-Atlantic Archive: Method, Concept, Epistemology, Ontology.” The Journal of African History 55, no. 2 (July 29, 2014): 147–59. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853714000061.
———. “The Evolution of Ritual in the African Diaspora: Central African Kilundu in Brazil, St. Domingue, and the United States, Seventeenth-Nineteenth Centuries.” In Diasporic Africa: A Reader, edited by Michael A. Gomez, 64–80. New York: New York University Press, 2006.
Thomas, William Wayt, and Maria Regina de Vasconcellos Barbosa. “Natural Vegetation Types in the Atlantic Coastal Forest of Northeastern Brazil.” In Atlantic Coastal Forest of Northeastern Brazil, edited by William Wayt Thomas, 6–20. New York: New York Botanical Garden Press, 2008.
Thornton, John. Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1800. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Trouillot, Michel-Rolph. Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History. Boston: Beacon Press, 1995.
UFB. “Grupo de Pesquisa GeografAR.” Accessed November 7, 2013. http://www.geografar.ufba.br.
Universidade de Brasília. “Projeto Resgate No Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino.” Centro de Memória Digital, 2012. http://www.cmd.unb.br/resgate_ahu.php.
Verger, Pierre. Trade Relations Between the Bight of Benin and Bahia from the 17th to 19th Centuries. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press, 1976.
Vilhena, Luís dos Santos. A Bahia No Século XVIII. Vol. 3. Salvador: Editôra Itapuã, 1969.
———. A Bahia No Século XVIII. Vol. 1. Salvador: Editôra Itapuã, 1969.
Voeks, Robert A. Sacred Leaves of Candomble: African Magic, Medicine, and Religion in Brazil. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1997.
Watkins, Case. “African Oil Palms, Colonial Socioecological Transformation and the Making of an Afro-Brazilian Landscape in Bahia, Brazil.” Environment and History 21, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): 13–42. https://doi.org/10.3197/096734015X14183179969700.
———. “Dendezeiro: African Oil Palm Agroecologies InBahia, Brazil, and Implications for Development.” Journal of Latin American Geography 10, no. 1 (2011): 9–33.
Wied, Prinz von Maximilian. Viagem Ao Brasil Do Príncipe Maximiliano de Wied-Neuwied. Translated by Edgar Sussekind de Mendonça and Flavio Poppe de Figueiredo. São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1940.
Wylie, John. Landscape. London: Routledge, 2007.
Alves Filho, Ivan. Memorial Dos Palmares. Rio de Janeiro: Xenon, 1988.
Anais Da Biblioteca Nacional. Vol. 111. Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca Nacional, 1991.
Anais Da Biblioteca Nacional. Vol. 112. Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca Nacional, 1992.
Barickman, B. J. Bahian Counterpoint: Sugar, Tobacco, Cassava, and Slavery in the Recôncavo, 1780–1860. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998.
Berlin, Ira, and Philip D. Morgan. Cultivation and Culture: Labor and the Shaping of Slave Life in the Americas. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1993.
Bondar, Gregório. O Dendêzeiro. São Paulo: Edições Melhoramentos, 1954.
Brazil. Diagnóstico Socio-Econômico Da Região Cacaueira. Vol. 13. Comissão Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira, Inter-American Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 1975.
Burkill, Humphrey M. The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa. 2nd ed. Vol. 4. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, 2004.
Cardim, Fernão. Tratados Da Terra e Gente Do Brasil. São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1939.
Carneiro, Edison. Ladinos e Crioulos: Estudos Sobre o Negro No Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 1964.
———. O Quilombo Dos Palmares. São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1958.
Carney, Judith Ann. Black Rice: The African Origins of Rice Cultivation in the Americas, 2001.
———. “Landscapes and Places of Memory: African Diaspora Research and Geography.” In The African Diaspora and the Disciplines, edited by Tejumola Olaniyan and James H. Sweet, 101–18. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2010.
———. “‘With Grains in Her Hair’: Rice in Colonial Brazil.” Slavery & Abolition 25, no. 1 (April 2004): 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144039042000220900.
Carney, Judith Ann, and Richard Nicholas Rosomoff. In the Shadow of Slavery: Africa’s Botanical Legacy in the Atlantic World. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009.
Cascudo, Luís da Câmara. História Da Alimentação No Brasil. São Paulo: Global Editora, 2011.
Castillo, Lisa Earl. “O Terreiro Do Alaketu e Seus Fundadores: História e Genealogia Familiar, 1807-1867.” Afro-Ásia 43 (2011): 213–59. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.9771/aa.v0i43.21225.
Cirano, Mauro, and Guilherme Camargo Lessa. “Oceanographic Characteristics of Baía de Todos Os Santos, Brazil.” Revista Brasileira de Geofísica 25, no. 4 (December 2007): 363–87. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-261X2007000400002.
Clusius, Carolus. Exoticorum Libri Decem: Quibus Animalium, Plantarum, Aromatum, Aliorumque Peregrinorum Fructuum Historiae Describuntur. Leiden: Plantianâ Raphelengii, 1605.
Coe, Felix G., and Gregory J. Anderson. “Ethnobotany of the Garífuna of Eastern Nicaragua.” Economic Botany 50, no. 1 (January 1996): 71–107. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02862114.
Corley, R. H. V., and P. B. Tinker. The Oil Palm. 4th ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science Ltd, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470750971.
Costa, Emilia Viotti Da. The Brazilian Empire: Myths and Histories. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.
Crosby, Alfred W. The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492. California: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1972.
D’Abbeville, Claude. Histoire de La Mission Des Peres Capucins En La Isle de Maragnan et Terres Circonuoisines. Paris: François Huby, 1614.
Dampier, William. Dampier’s Voyage. Vol. 2. Londres: E. Grant Richards, 1906.
Dias, Gentil Martins. Depois Do Latifúndio: Continuidade e Mudança Na Sociedade Rural Nordestina. Rio de Janeiro: Tempo Brasileiro, 1978.
Duke, James A. Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of Latin America. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2008.
Emory Libraries & Information Thechnology. “Viagens Em Escravo,” 2013. https://slavevoyages.org/.
Escobar, Arturo. Territories of Difference: Place, Movements, Life, Redes. Durham: Duke University Press, 2008.
Friedemann, Nina S. de, and Jaime Arocha. De Sol a Sol: Génesis, Transformación y Presencia de Los Negros En Colombia. Bogotá: Planeta Colmbiana Editorial, 1986.
Gândavo, Pero de Magalhães. História Da Província Santa Cruz: A Que Vulgarmente Chamamos Brasil. Lisboa: Biblioteca Nacional, 1984.
Gaspar, David Barry, and Darlene Clark Hine. More Than Chattel: Black Women and Slavery in the Americas. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996.
Gomes, Flávio dos Santos. Palmares: Escravidão e Liberdade No Atlântico Sul. São Paulo: Editora Contexto, 2005.
Graham, Richard. Feeding the City: From Street Market to Liberal Reform in Salvador, Brazil, 1780–1860. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2010.
Harlan, Jack Rodney, Jan M. J. De Wet, and Ann B. L. Stemler. “Plant Domestication and Indigenous African Agriculture.” In Origins of African Plant Domestication, edited by Jack Rodney Harlan, Jan M. J. De Wet, and Ann B. L. Stemler, 3–20. Berlin, New York: Mouton, 1976. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110806373.
Harris, David R. Plants, Animals, and Man in the Outer Leeward Islands, West Indies: An Ecological Study of Antigua, Barbuda, and Anguilla. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1965.
———. “Traditional Systems of Plant Food Production and the Origins of Agriculture in West Africa.” In Origins of African Plant Domestication, edited by Jack Rodney Harlan, Jan M. J. De Wet, and Ann B. L. Stemler, 311–56. The Hague: Mouton, 1976.
Hartley, Charles William Stewart. The Oil Palm (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq.). Essex: Longman Scientific & Technical, 1988.
Hoehne, F. C. Botanica e Agricultura No Brasil No Seculo XVI: Pesquisas e Contribuicoes. São Paulo: Editora Nacional, 1937.
IBGE. “Portal Do IBGE,” 2013. http://www.ibge.gov.br/.
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais. “CBERS,” 2013. http://www.cbers.inpe.br/.
Jacquin, Nikolaus Joseph von. Selectarum Stirpium Americanarum Historia. Vindobonae: Ex officina Krausiana, 1763.
Johnson, H. B. “Portuguese Settlement, 1500–1580.” In Colonial Brazil, edited by Leslie Bethell, 1–38. Cambridge University Press, 1987. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511609510.003.
Jones, Adam. West Africa in the Mid-Seventeenth Century: An Anonymous Dutch Manuscript. Atlanta: Emory University, 1995.
Jones, William O. Manioc in Africa. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1959.
Joseph Calder Miller. Way of Death: Merchant Capitalism and the Angolan Slave Trade, 1730–1830. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1997.
Knigge, LaDona, and Meghan Cope. “Grounded Visualization: Integrating the Analysis of Qualitative and Quantitative Data through Grounded Theory and Visualization.” Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 38, no. 11 (November 24, 2006): 2021–37. https://doi.org/10.1068/a37327.
Ligon, Richard, and Karen Ordahl Kupperman. A True and Exact History of the Island of Barbados. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 2011.
Lody, Raul Giovanni da Motta. Tem Dendê, Tem Axé: Etnografia Do Dendezeiro. Rio de Janeiro: Pallas, 1992.
Macaulay, H. W., and Walter W. Lewis. “Her Majesty’s Commissioners to Viscount Palmerston, No. 17.” In Correspondence with the British Commissioners Relating to the Slave Trade: Sierra Leone, The Havana, Rio de Janeiro, and Surinam, Vol. 15. London: W. Clowes and Sons, 1838.
Mahony, Mary Ann. “The World Cacao Made: Society, Politics, and History in Southern Bahia, Brazil, 1822–1919.” Yale University, 1996.
Mann, Kristin. Slavery and the Birth of an African City: Lagos, 1760–1900. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007.
Marggraf, Georg. “Historiae Plantarum.” In Historia Naturalis Brasiliae, edited by Guilherme Piso, George Marcgraf, H. Gralitzio, and João de Laet, Vol. 3. Lugdun. Batavorum: Apud Franciscum Hackium, 1648.
“Mercado de Importação.” Boletim Da Secretaria de Agricultura, Viação, Indústria e Obras Públicas Do Estado Da Bahia 2, no. 1–2 (1904): 89.
Miller, Ivor. Voice of the Leopard: African Secret Societies and Cuba. Oxford: University Press of Mississippi, 2009.
Miller, Philip. The Gardeners Dictionary. London: Printed for the author and sold by John and Francis Rivington, 1768.
Miller, Shawn W. “Stilt-Root Subsistence: Colonial Mangroves and Brazil’s Landless Poor.” Hispanic American Historical Review 83, no. 2 (May 1, 2003): 223–53. https://doi.org/10.1215/00182168-83-2-223.
Norman, William C. Van. Shade-Grown Slavery: The Lives of Slaves on Coffee Plantations in Cuba. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Pres, 2013.
Parés, Luis Nicolau. The Formation of Candomblé: Vodun History and Ritual in Brazil. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013.
Pereira, Duarte Pacheco. Esmeraldo de Situ Orbis. London: Hakluyt Society, 1937.
Piso, Guilherme. “De Medicina Brasiliensi.” In Historia Naturalis Brasiliae, edited by Guilherme Piso, George Marcgraf, H. Gralitzio, and João de Laet, 1:1–14. Lugdun. Batavorum: Apud Franciscum Hackium, 1648.
“Quilombola,” 2013. http://www.palmares.gov.br/quilombola.
Rangan, Haripriya, Judith Ann Carney, and Tim Denham. “Environmental History of Botanical Exchanges in the Indian Ocean World.” Environment and History 18, no. 3 (August 1, 2012): 311–42. https://doi.org/10.3197/096734012X13400389809256.
Rediker, Marcus. The Slave Ship: A Human History. New York: Viking, 2008.
Reis, João José, and Eduardo Silva. Negociação e Conflito: A Resistência Negra No Brasil Escravista. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1989.
Ribeiro, Orlando. Aspectos e Problemas Da Expansão Portuguesa. Estudos de Ciências Políticas e Sociais, 59. Lisboa: Junta de Investigações do Ultramar, 1962.
Rodrigues, José Honório. Brasil e África Outro Horizonte. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1965.
Salvador, Vicente do. História Do Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca Nacional, 1889.
Schneider, John T. Dictionary of African Borrowings in Brazilian Portuguese. Hamburg: Verlag, 1991.
Schwartz, Stuart B. “Plantations and Peripheries, c. 1580–c. 1750.” In Colonial Brazil, edited by Leslie Bethell, 67–144. Cambridge University Press, 1987.
———. Slaves, Peasants, and Rebels: Reconsidering Brazilian Slavery. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992.
———. Sugar Plantations in the Formation of Brazilian Society: Bahia, 1550–1835. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
Scott, James C. Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985.
Silva, Ignacio Accioli de Cerqueira e. Memorias Históricas e Políticas de Província Da Bahia. Vol. 1. Salvador: Typografia do Correio Mercantil, 1835.
Silveira, Simão Estácio da. Relação Sumária Das Cousas Do Maranhão: Dirigida Aos Pobres Deste Reino de Portugal. 8th ed. São Luís: Editora Siciliano, 2001.
Sloane, Hans. Catalogus Plantarum Quae in Insula Jamaica. London: Impensis D. Brown, 1688.
Sluyter, Andrew. Black Ranching Frontiers: African Cattle Herders of the Atlantic World, 1500–1900. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012.
———. Colonialism and Landscape: Postcolonial Theory and Applications. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002.
Sousa, Gabriel Soares de. Tratado Descriptivo Do Brasil Em 1587. Rio de Janeiro: Typographia de João Ignacio da Silva, 1879.
Sousa, Gaspar de. “Regimento de Gaspar de Sousa, de 6 de Outubro de 1612.” In Raízes Da Formação Administrativa Do Brasil, edited by M. C. de Mendonça, 413–36. Rio de Janeiro: Conselho Federal de Cultura, 1972.
Spix, Johann von, and Karl von Martius. Através Da Bahia: Excertos Da Obra Reise in Brasilien. Translated by Manoel Augusto Pirajá da Silva and Paulo Wolf. São Paulo: Companhia editora nacional, 1938.
Studart, G. “Cópia de Alguns Capítulos Do Regimento Do Governador Do Maranhão, Que Se Passou a Francisco Coelho de Carvalho.” In Documentos Para a Historia Do Brasil e Especialmente a Do Ceará, 236–43. Lisboa: Typographia Minerva, 1909.
Svalesen, Leif. The Slave Ship Fredensborg. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000.
Sweet, James H. “Reimagining the African-Atlantic Archive: Method, Concept, Epistemology, Ontology.” The Journal of African History 55, no. 2 (July 29, 2014): 147–59. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853714000061.
———. “The Evolution of Ritual in the African Diaspora: Central African Kilundu in Brazil, St. Domingue, and the United States, Seventeenth-Nineteenth Centuries.” In Diasporic Africa: A Reader, edited by Michael A. Gomez, 64–80. New York: New York University Press, 2006.
Thomas, William Wayt, and Maria Regina de Vasconcellos Barbosa. “Natural Vegetation Types in the Atlantic Coastal Forest of Northeastern Brazil.” In Atlantic Coastal Forest of Northeastern Brazil, edited by William Wayt Thomas, 6–20. New York: New York Botanical Garden Press, 2008.
Thornton, John. Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1800. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Trouillot, Michel-Rolph. Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History. Boston: Beacon Press, 1995.
UFB. “Grupo de Pesquisa GeografAR.” Accessed November 7, 2013. http://www.geografar.ufba.br.
Universidade de Brasília. “Projeto Resgate No Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino.” Centro de Memória Digital, 2012. http://www.cmd.unb.br/resgate_ahu.php.
Verger, Pierre. Trade Relations Between the Bight of Benin and Bahia from the 17th to 19th Centuries. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press, 1976.
Vilhena, Luís dos Santos. A Bahia No Século XVIII. Vol. 3. Salvador: Editôra Itapuã, 1969.
———. A Bahia No Século XVIII. Vol. 1. Salvador: Editôra Itapuã, 1969.
Voeks, Robert A. Sacred Leaves of Candomble: African Magic, Medicine, and Religion in Brazil. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1997.
Watkins, Case. “African Oil Palms, Colonial Socioecological Transformation and the Making of an Afro-Brazilian Landscape in Bahia, Brazil.” Environment and History 21, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): 13–42. https://doi.org/10.3197/096734015X14183179969700.
———. “Dendezeiro: African Oil Palm Agroecologies InBahia, Brazil, and Implications for Development.” Journal of Latin American Geography 10, no. 1 (2011): 9–33.
Wied, Prinz von Maximilian. Viagem Ao Brasil Do Príncipe Maximiliano de Wied-Neuwied. Translated by Edgar Sussekind de Mendonça and Flavio Poppe de Figueiredo. São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1940.
Wylie, John. Landscape. London: Routledge, 2007.
Descargas
Publicado
2020-05-06
Cómo citar
Watkins, C. (2020). Palmeiras Africanas em Solos Brasileiros: Transformação Socioecológica e a Construção de uma Paisagem Afro-Brasileira. Historia Ambiental Latinoamericana Y Caribeña (HALAC) Revista De La Solcha, 10(1), 150–193. https://doi.org/10.32991/2237-2717.2020v10i1.p150-193
Número
Sección
Artículos
Licencia
Esta revista ofrece acceso libre inmediato a su contenido, siguiendo el principio de que disponibilizar gratuitamente el conocimiento científico al público proporciona mayor democratización mundial del conocimiento.
A partir de la publicación realizada en la revista los autores poseen copyright y derechos de publicación de sus artículos sin restricciones.
La revista HALAC sigue los preceptos legales de la licencia Creative Commons - Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional. 
