Los papeles del periodismo em los desastres: un análisis basado em la experiência de los periodistas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32991/2237-2717.2020v10i3.p78-107Palabras clave:
periodismo, desastre, cobertura periodística, gestión de riesgos y desastres, fundamentos del periodismoResumen
El periodismo desempeña papeles importantes en la gestión de riesgos y desastres, pero no sabemos mucho sobre sus límites, las dificultades para ejercerlo, cuál es una función reconocida y cuál es una función esperada, pero no forma parte de las funciones periodísticas. Este artículo tiene como objetivo comprender el papel del periodismo en los desastres, a partir del análisis de contenido de 13 entrevistas semiestructuradas cualitativas con periodistas brasileños con experiencia en cobertura de desastres, y de la revisión literaria. Los resultados muestran que los roles atribuidos al periodismo que están directamente relacionados con los fundamentos de la profesión no cambian, pero surgen otros roles o ganan más énfasis en los desastres. Los periodistas en el campo realizan algunos roles alternativos, incluso sin preparación emocional o entrenamiento específico para eso. Este estudio proporciona una perspectiva reflexiva sobre las dificultades que enfrentan los periodistas durante la cobertura de desastres, relacionados con roles autopercibidos, reconocidos y alternativos, y busca reforzar la necesidad de comprender la dimensión psicológica en el trabajo en eventos extremos.
Citas
Banco de Dados S2ID. Banco de Dados de Registros de Desastres. Ministério da Integração Nacional. Secretaria Nacional de Defesa Civil. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Centro Universitário de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Desastres. “Sistema Integrado de Informações sobre Desastres.” http://s2id.integracao.gov.br/. Acesso em 19 de maio de 2020.
Brasil. Ministério da Integração Nacional. Secretaria Nacional de Defesa Civil. Centro Nacional de Gerenciamento de Riscos e Desastres. “Anuário brasileiro de desastres naturais: 2012” (Centro Nacional de Gerenciamento de Riscos e Desastres. - Brasília: CENAD, 2012). 84 p. https://www.mdr.gov.br/images/stories/ArquivosDefesaCivil/ArquivosPDF/publicacoes/AnuariodeDesastresNaturais_2013.pdf. Acesso em 17 de maio de 2020.
Campbell, Joseph. Getting It Wrong: Ten of the Greatest Misreported Stories in American Journalism. Berkeley, CA, Estados Unidos: University of California Press, 2010.
Camps, Sibila. Periodismo sobre catástrofes: cómo cubrir catástrofes, emergencias y accidentes en medios de transporte. Buenos Aires: Paulinas, 1999.
Castro, Antônio Luiz Coimbra. Manual de Planejamento em Defesa Civil – 4 volumes. Brasília: Ministério da Integração Nacional. Secretaria de Defesa Civil, 1999. http://gabinetemilitar.mg.gov.br/images/documentos/Defesa%20Civil/manuais/Manual-PLANEJAMENTO-4.pdf. Acesso em 22 de abril de 2020.
Comfort, Suzannah Evans. “From ignored to banner story: The role of natural disasters in influencing the newsworthiness of climate change in the Philippines.” Journalism (2019), Vol. 20(12) 1630– 1647, 201.
Denardi, Carol and Medeiros, Ricardo. CBN Diário: uma luz no apagão. Florianópolis: Insular, 2007.
Dworznik-Hoak, Gretchen. “Weathering the Storm: Occupational Stress in Journalists Who Covered Hurricane Harvey.” Journalism Studies, 21:1, 88-106, (2020). DOI: 10.1080/1461670X.2019.1628659
Ewart, Jacqui and McLean Hamish. “Best practice approaches for reporting disasters”. Journalism (2019), Vol. 20(12) 1573–1592.
Friedman, Erin, Breitze, Rebekah and Solecki, William. “Communicating extreme event policy windows: Discourses on Hurricane Sandy and policy change in Boston and New York City.” Environmental Science and Policy, 100 (2019) 55–65.
Guernsey, Lisa. “Hurricane Forces New Orleans Newspaper to Face a Daunting Set of Obstacles”. The New York Times, September 5, 2005. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/05/business/media/05picayune.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0. Acesso em 14 de maio de 2020.
Grassau, D., Puente, S., Vatter, N. and Rojas, R. “Perfiles y roles de los conductores de TV en momentos de desastres: propuesta conceptual a partir del caso del terremoto del 27F en Chile.” Revista de Comunicación (2019), vol.18, n. 2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26441/RC18.2-2019-A8
Hill, Desiree, Luther, Catherine A. and Slocum, Phyllis. “Preparing Future Journalists for Trauma on the Job”. Journalism & Mass Communication Educator (2020), Vol. 75(1) 64–68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1077695819900735
Houston, J. Brian, Schraedley, Megan K., Worley, Mary E., Reed, Katherine and Saidi, Janet. “Disaster journalism: fostering citizen and community disaster mitigation, preparedness, response, recovery, and resilience across the disaster cycle.” Disasters, Volume 43, Issue3 (July, 2019) Pages 591-611. DOI: 10.1111/disa.12352
Hua, Jinling and Shaw, Rajib. “Corona Virus (COVID-19) “Infodemic” and Emerging Issues through a Data Lens: The Case of China.” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health (2020), 17, 2309 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072309
Irawanto, Budi. “Narratives of natural disaster survivors in Indonesian media Pacific.” Journalism Review, vol. 24 No. 1 (2018): Disasters, cyclones and communication. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v24i1.410
IFRC. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. World Disasters Report 2005. Geneve: IFRC, 2005. https://www.ifrc.org/Global/Publications/disasters/WDR/69001-WDR2005-english-LR.pdf. Acesso em 12 de maio de 2020.
Karam, Francisco José Castilhos. A ética jornalística e o interesse público. São Paulo: Summus, 2004.
Keats, Patrice A. and Buchanan, Marla J. “Covering Trauma in Canadian Journalism: Exploring the Challenges.” Traumatology 19(3) 210– 222, (2012). DOI: 10.1177/1534765612466152
La, Viet-Phuong, Pham,Thanh-Hang, Ho, Manh-Toan, Nguyen, Minh-Hoang, Nguyen, Khanh-Linh P., Vuong, Thu-Trang, Nguyen, Hong-Kong T. et al. “Policy Response, Social Media and Science Journalism for the Sustainability of the Public Health System Amid the COVID-19 Outbreak: The Vietnam Lessons” Sustainability 2020, 12, 2931. DOI:10.3390/su12072931
McLean Hamish and Power Mary R. “When minutes count: Tension and trust in the relationship between emergency managers and the media.” Journalism, Vol. 15(3) 307– 325 (2013). DOI: 10.1177/1464884913480873
Nieves-Pizarro,Yadira, Takahashi, Bruno and Chavez Manuel. “When Everything Else Fails: Radio Journalism During Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico.” Journalism Practice (2019), Vol. 13, n. 7, 799–816. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2019.1567272
Perez-Lugo, Marla. Media uses in disaster situations: a new focus on the impact phase. Sociological Inquiry, Volume 74, Issue 2, pages 210–225, May 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.2004.00087.x
Potter, Deborah and Ricchiardi, Sherry. Disaster and Crisis Coverage. International Center for Journalists, 2009. http://www.newssafety.org/images/stories/pdf/safetyresource/guides/ICFJ_disaster_ENG.pdf. Acesso em 16 de maio de 2020.
Pulido, Cristina M, Villarejo-Carballido, Beatriz, Redondo-Sama, Gisela and Gómez, Aitor. “COVID-19 infodemic: More retweets for science-based information on coronavirus than for false information.” International Sociology (2020), 1–16.
Rede Globo de Televisão. Jornal Hoje. “Moradores correm pelas ruas com medo de nova inundação.” Nova Friburgo, RJ. Veiculado em 14 jan. 2011.
Rede Record de Televisão. Jornal da Record. “Boato de rompimento de represa gera pânico e tensão a Nova Friburgo.” Nova Friburgo, RJ. Veiculado em 14 jan. 2011.
Santos, Juliana F. A. “Do desastre para o risco: qualidade na cobertura em revistas semanais de informação.” Mestrado, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 2014. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/128973. Acesso em: 26 abr. 2020.
Seely, Natalee. “Fostering Trauma Literacy: From the Classroom to the Newsroom”. Journalism & Mass Communication Educator, Vol 75, Issue 1, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1077695819859966
Smith, River J., Drevo, Susan and Newman, Elana. “Covering traumatic news stories: Factors associated with posttraumatic stress disorder among journalists.” Stress and Health (2017); 1–9. DOI: 10.1002/smi.2775
Tandoc Jr., Edson C. and Takahashi, Bruno. “Journalists are humans, too: A phenomenology of covering the strongest storm on Earth”. Journalism 1– 7, 2016. DOI: 10.1177/1464884916657518
Tierney, Kathleen, Bevc, Christine and Kuligowski, Erica. “Metaphors matter: disaster myths, media frames, and their consequences in hurricane Katrina”. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. vol. 604 n. 1. Mar. 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716205285589
UNISDR. “Terminologia de reducción de riesgo de desastres”. Estrategia Internacional para la Reducción de Desastres de Las Naciones Unidas, 2009.
UNISDR. “Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030”. UN world conference on disaster risk reduction, 2015. Sendai, Japan. Geneva: United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, March 14-18, 2015.
Verhovnik, Melanie. “Trauma journalism and disaster resilience. German journalists’ coping strategies when reporting about crime, violence, accidents, crises and natural disasters.” Studies in Communication Sciences 17.2 (2017), pp. 209–220. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24434
ANEXO
Brasil. Ministério da Integração Nacional. Secretaria Nacional de Defesa Civil. Centro Nacional de Gerenciamento de Riscos e Desastres. “Anuário brasileiro de desastres naturais: 2012” (Centro Nacional de Gerenciamento de Riscos e Desastres. - Brasília: CENAD, 2012). 84 p. https://www.mdr.gov.br/images/stories/ArquivosDefesaCivil/ArquivosPDF/publicacoes/AnuariodeDesastresNaturais_2013.pdf. Acesso em 17 de maio de 2020.
Campbell, Joseph. Getting It Wrong: Ten of the Greatest Misreported Stories in American Journalism. Berkeley, CA, Estados Unidos: University of California Press, 2010.
Camps, Sibila. Periodismo sobre catástrofes: cómo cubrir catástrofes, emergencias y accidentes en medios de transporte. Buenos Aires: Paulinas, 1999.
Castro, Antônio Luiz Coimbra. Manual de Planejamento em Defesa Civil – 4 volumes. Brasília: Ministério da Integração Nacional. Secretaria de Defesa Civil, 1999. http://gabinetemilitar.mg.gov.br/images/documentos/Defesa%20Civil/manuais/Manual-PLANEJAMENTO-4.pdf. Acesso em 22 de abril de 2020.
Comfort, Suzannah Evans. “From ignored to banner story: The role of natural disasters in influencing the newsworthiness of climate change in the Philippines.” Journalism (2019), Vol. 20(12) 1630– 1647, 201.
Denardi, Carol and Medeiros, Ricardo. CBN Diário: uma luz no apagão. Florianópolis: Insular, 2007.
Dworznik-Hoak, Gretchen. “Weathering the Storm: Occupational Stress in Journalists Who Covered Hurricane Harvey.” Journalism Studies, 21:1, 88-106, (2020). DOI: 10.1080/1461670X.2019.1628659
Ewart, Jacqui and McLean Hamish. “Best practice approaches for reporting disasters”. Journalism (2019), Vol. 20(12) 1573–1592.
Friedman, Erin, Breitze, Rebekah and Solecki, William. “Communicating extreme event policy windows: Discourses on Hurricane Sandy and policy change in Boston and New York City.” Environmental Science and Policy, 100 (2019) 55–65.
Guernsey, Lisa. “Hurricane Forces New Orleans Newspaper to Face a Daunting Set of Obstacles”. The New York Times, September 5, 2005. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/05/business/media/05picayune.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0. Acesso em 14 de maio de 2020.
Grassau, D., Puente, S., Vatter, N. and Rojas, R. “Perfiles y roles de los conductores de TV en momentos de desastres: propuesta conceptual a partir del caso del terremoto del 27F en Chile.” Revista de Comunicación (2019), vol.18, n. 2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26441/RC18.2-2019-A8
Hill, Desiree, Luther, Catherine A. and Slocum, Phyllis. “Preparing Future Journalists for Trauma on the Job”. Journalism & Mass Communication Educator (2020), Vol. 75(1) 64–68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1077695819900735
Houston, J. Brian, Schraedley, Megan K., Worley, Mary E., Reed, Katherine and Saidi, Janet. “Disaster journalism: fostering citizen and community disaster mitigation, preparedness, response, recovery, and resilience across the disaster cycle.” Disasters, Volume 43, Issue3 (July, 2019) Pages 591-611. DOI: 10.1111/disa.12352
Hua, Jinling and Shaw, Rajib. “Corona Virus (COVID-19) “Infodemic” and Emerging Issues through a Data Lens: The Case of China.” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health (2020), 17, 2309 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072309
Irawanto, Budi. “Narratives of natural disaster survivors in Indonesian media Pacific.” Journalism Review, vol. 24 No. 1 (2018): Disasters, cyclones and communication. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v24i1.410
IFRC. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. World Disasters Report 2005. Geneve: IFRC, 2005. https://www.ifrc.org/Global/Publications/disasters/WDR/69001-WDR2005-english-LR.pdf. Acesso em 12 de maio de 2020.
Karam, Francisco José Castilhos. A ética jornalística e o interesse público. São Paulo: Summus, 2004.
Keats, Patrice A. and Buchanan, Marla J. “Covering Trauma in Canadian Journalism: Exploring the Challenges.” Traumatology 19(3) 210– 222, (2012). DOI: 10.1177/1534765612466152
La, Viet-Phuong, Pham,Thanh-Hang, Ho, Manh-Toan, Nguyen, Minh-Hoang, Nguyen, Khanh-Linh P., Vuong, Thu-Trang, Nguyen, Hong-Kong T. et al. “Policy Response, Social Media and Science Journalism for the Sustainability of the Public Health System Amid the COVID-19 Outbreak: The Vietnam Lessons” Sustainability 2020, 12, 2931. DOI:10.3390/su12072931
McLean Hamish and Power Mary R. “When minutes count: Tension and trust in the relationship between emergency managers and the media.” Journalism, Vol. 15(3) 307– 325 (2013). DOI: 10.1177/1464884913480873
Nieves-Pizarro,Yadira, Takahashi, Bruno and Chavez Manuel. “When Everything Else Fails: Radio Journalism During Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico.” Journalism Practice (2019), Vol. 13, n. 7, 799–816. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2019.1567272
Perez-Lugo, Marla. Media uses in disaster situations: a new focus on the impact phase. Sociological Inquiry, Volume 74, Issue 2, pages 210–225, May 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.2004.00087.x
Potter, Deborah and Ricchiardi, Sherry. Disaster and Crisis Coverage. International Center for Journalists, 2009. http://www.newssafety.org/images/stories/pdf/safetyresource/guides/ICFJ_disaster_ENG.pdf. Acesso em 16 de maio de 2020.
Pulido, Cristina M, Villarejo-Carballido, Beatriz, Redondo-Sama, Gisela and Gómez, Aitor. “COVID-19 infodemic: More retweets for science-based information on coronavirus than for false information.” International Sociology (2020), 1–16.
Rede Globo de Televisão. Jornal Hoje. “Moradores correm pelas ruas com medo de nova inundação.” Nova Friburgo, RJ. Veiculado em 14 jan. 2011.
Rede Record de Televisão. Jornal da Record. “Boato de rompimento de represa gera pânico e tensão a Nova Friburgo.” Nova Friburgo, RJ. Veiculado em 14 jan. 2011.
Santos, Juliana F. A. “Do desastre para o risco: qualidade na cobertura em revistas semanais de informação.” Mestrado, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 2014. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/128973. Acesso em: 26 abr. 2020.
Seely, Natalee. “Fostering Trauma Literacy: From the Classroom to the Newsroom”. Journalism & Mass Communication Educator, Vol 75, Issue 1, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1077695819859966
Smith, River J., Drevo, Susan and Newman, Elana. “Covering traumatic news stories: Factors associated with posttraumatic stress disorder among journalists.” Stress and Health (2017); 1–9. DOI: 10.1002/smi.2775
Tandoc Jr., Edson C. and Takahashi, Bruno. “Journalists are humans, too: A phenomenology of covering the strongest storm on Earth”. Journalism 1– 7, 2016. DOI: 10.1177/1464884916657518
Tierney, Kathleen, Bevc, Christine and Kuligowski, Erica. “Metaphors matter: disaster myths, media frames, and their consequences in hurricane Katrina”. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. vol. 604 n. 1. Mar. 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716205285589
UNISDR. “Terminologia de reducción de riesgo de desastres”. Estrategia Internacional para la Reducción de Desastres de Las Naciones Unidas, 2009.
UNISDR. “Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030”. UN world conference on disaster risk reduction, 2015. Sendai, Japan. Geneva: United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, March 14-18, 2015.
Verhovnik, Melanie. “Trauma journalism and disaster resilience. German journalists’ coping strategies when reporting about crime, violence, accidents, crises and natural disasters.” Studies in Communication Sciences 17.2 (2017), pp. 209–220. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24434
ANEXO
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Publicado
2020-12-21
Cómo citar
Frandalozo Alves dos Santos, J., & Bencciveni Franzoni, A. M. (2020). Los papeles del periodismo em los desastres: un análisis basado em la experiência de los periodistas. Historia Ambiental Latinoamericana Y Caribeña (HALAC) Revista De La Solcha, 10(3), 78–107. https://doi.org/10.32991/2237-2717.2020v10i3.p78-107
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Dossier "Periodismo Ambiental en la Era del Antropoceno."
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