History of Science and Conservation of the Jaguar (Panthera onca) in Brazil
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32991/2237-2717.2018v8i2.p42-72Keywords:
Jaguar, Science, Conservation, Environmental HistoryAbstract
The study aims to discusses the history of scientific research and conservation efforts concerning the jaguar (Panthera onca) in its entire current range, focusing in its status in the Brazilian territory. It addresses the range, the ecology, the behavior and the survival strategies of the species. The study also discusses human perceptions and reactions to its presence and presents the roles of hunters and scientists in the construction of current knowledge about the species. In short, all recorded conservation efforts concerning the species in the Brazilian territory, one of its major living áreas, are discussed in detail.
References
Adriano Gambarini, Laís Duarte, Mario Haberfeld, Rogério Cunha de Paula, Panthera onca: à sombra das florestas (Vinhedo: Avis Brasilis Editora, 2016);
Alan Rabinowitz, An Indomitable Beast: The Remarkable Journey of the Jaguar (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2014); Alan Rabinowitz, Jaguar: One Man’s Struggle to Establish the World’s First Jaguar Preserve (Washington-DC, Island Press, 2000);
Brian Miller & Alan Rabinowitz, ¿ Por qué conservar al jaguar? In: Medéllin, Equihua, Chetkiewicz, Crawshaw Júnior, Rabinowitz, Redford, Robinson, Sanderson, Taber (orgs), El Jaguar en el Nuevo Milenio…, p. 303-315, 2002;
Brian Miller, Richard Reading, Jim Strittholt, Carlos Carrol, Reed Noss, Michael Soulé, Oscar Sánches, John Terborgh, Donald Brightsmith, Ted Cheeseman, David Foreman, Using focal species in the design of nature reserve networks, Wild Earth, 8 (1999), pp. 81-92;
Candice Millard, River of Doubt: Theodore Roosevelt’s darkest journey (New York: Doubleday, 2005).
Crawshaw & Quigley, A ecologia do jaguar ou onça-pintada no Pantanal Mato-grossense...; Franco, História da Panthera onca no Brasi...;
Crawshaw Junior, entrevista...; Ronaldo Morato, interview by José Luiz de Andrade Franco and Fernanda Cornils Monteiro Benevides (Atibaia-São Paulo, November 31st 2016).
David Quammen, Monster of God: the man-eating predator in the jungles of history and the mind (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2003).
Eduardo Eizirik, Jae-Heup Kim, Marilyn Menotti‐Raymond, Peter Crawshaw Júnior, Stephen J. O’Brien, Warren E. Johnson, Phylogeography, population history and conservation genetics of jaguars (Panthera onca, Mammalia, Felidae), Molecular Ecology, v. 10 (2001), n. 1, p. 65-79;
Emiliano Esterci Ramalho & William Ernest Magnussom. Uso do habitat por onça-pintada (Panthera onca) no entorno de lagos de várzea, Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável de Mamirauá, AM, Brasil. Uakari, 4(2) (2008), p. 33-39.
Emiliano Esterci Ramalho, Ecologia e Conservação da onça-pintada nas Florestas Alagáveis da Reserva Mamirauá (Doctoral Dissertatiuon in Wildlife Ecology and Conservation. University of Florida, 2012).
Emiliano Esterci Ramalho, interview by José Luiz de Andrade Franco, at the Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve - Amazonas (May 19th, 2013). About Project Iauaretê, see Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, O Macaqueiro, Ano XIII, nº 57 (January/February 2013).
Emiliano Esterci Ramalho, Uso do Habitat e Dieta da onça-pintada (Panthera onca) em uma área de várzea do médio rio Solimões (Master’s Thesis in Ecology. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia – INPA. 2006);
Eric W. Sanderson, Kent H. Redford, Cheryl-Lesley B. Chetkiewicz, Rodrigo A. Medellin, Alan R. Rabinowitz, John G. Robinson, Andrew B. Taber, Planning to save a species: the jaguar as a model, Conservation Biology, 16(1) (2002) p. 58-72;
Eurico Santos, Entre o Gambá e o Macaco (Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1984), originally published in 1945.
Evaristo Eduardo de Miranda & Liana John, Jaguar: O Rei das Américas (São Paulo: Metalivros, 2010); Emil B. McCain, Jack L. Childs. Evidence of resident jaguars (Panthera onca) in the southwestern United States and the implications for conservation, Journal of Mammalogy, 89(1) (2008), p. 1-10;
Fernando Cesar Cascelli de Azevedo, Dennis L. Murray. Evaluation of potential factors predisposing livestock to predation by jaguars. Journal of Wildlife Management, 71 (7) (2007), p. 2,379-2,386.
Fernando Cesar Cascelli de Azevedo, Predation patterns of jaguars (Panthera onca) in a seasonally flooded forest in the southern region of Pantanal, Brazil (Doctoral dissertation in Natural Resources, University of Idaho, 2006).
Francisco de Barros Júnior, Caçando e Pescando por todo o Brasil – 1ª Série – Brasil Sul (São Paulo: Melhoramentos, s/d), p. 244.
José Luiz de Andrade Franco. “História da Panthera onca no Brasil: entre o terror e a admiração (séculos XVI-XXI)”. In: História Ambiental: Territórios, fronteiras e biodiversidade, volume 2, ed. José Luiz de Andrade Franco; Sandro Dutra e Silva; José Augusto Drummond; &, Giovana Galvão Tavares.. (Rio de Janeiro: Garamond, 2016), pp. 393-426.
Kathy A. Zeller, Alan Rabinowitz, Roberto Salom-Perez, Howard Quigley, The Jaguar Corridor Initiative: A Range-Wide Conservation Strategy, In: Manuel Ruiz-Garcia & Joseph M. Shostell (eds), Molecular population genetics, evolutionary biology and biological conservation of neotropical carnivores (New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2013), pp. 629-658.
Kristin Nowell & Peter Jackson, Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan (IUCN, 1996);
Laury Cullen Jr, Kauê Cachuba, Denis A. Sana e Alessandra Ferreira Dales Nava, As onças-pintadas como detetives da paisagem no corredor do Alto Paraná, Brasil. In: Natureza e Conservação, 3 (1) (2005), p. 43-58.
Leandro Silveira e Peter Crawshaw Jr., Panthera onca. In: Angelo B. Monteiro Machado, Gláucia Moreira Drummond, Adriano Pereira Paglia (eds), Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção – Volume II (Belo Horizonte: Biodiversitas, 2008), pp. 793-794;
Leandro Silveira. Jaguar. In: Julie Scardina & Jeff Flocken (eds.), Wildlife Heroes: 40 Leading Conservationists and the Animals They Are Committed to Saving (Philadelphia: Running Press, 2012);
Luke Hunter, Carnivores of the World (New Jersey: Princeton University, 2011); Mel Sunquist & Fiona Sunquist, Wild Cats of the World (Chicago: University of Chicago, 2002);
Marianne K. Soisalo, Sandra M. C. Cavalcanti. Estimating the density of a jaguar population in the Brazilian Pantanal using camera-traps and capture–recapture sampling in combination with GPS radio-telemetry.In Biological Conservation, 129 (4) (2006), p. 487-496.
Nélio Roberto dos Reis, Adriano Lúcio Peracchi, Maíra Nunes Fregonezi, Bruna Karla Rossaneis, Mamíferos do Brasil: Guia de Identificação (Rio de Janeiro: Technical Books, 2010);
Panthera.org. Jaguar Fact Sheet. Available at: https://www.panthera.org/cms/sites/default/files/Panthera_FactSheets_Jaguar.pdf;
Peter Crawshaw Junior & Howard B. Quigley, A ecologia do jaguar ou onça-pintada no Pantanal Mato-grossense…, p. 37.
Peter S. Alagona, After the Grizzly: Endangered Species and the Politics of Place in California (Berkley: University of California Press, 2013);
Projeto Onças do Iguaçu, Boletim 001, A voz da onça de maio de 2018, available at: https://issuu.com/agencia_fog/docs/oncasdoiguacu_boletim_001_maio18?fbclid=IwAR2-Yn9wCrJYYYjAjSITEnxTCix-w5qDHGAh2GmQXYoKEHTmPFYhrm4EXGk
Rafael Hoogesteijn & Edgardo Mondolfi, El Jaguar: Tigre Americano (Caracas: Armitano, 1992); Kevin L. Seymour, Panthera onca - Mammalian Species, nº 340 (October 26, 1989), pp. 1-9;
Rodrigo A. Medellin, Clementina Equihua, Cheryl L. B. Chetkiewicz, Peter Crawshaw Jr, Alan Rabinowitz, Kent H. Redford, John G. Robinson, Eric Sanderson, Andrew Taber (eds.), El jaguar en el Nuevo Milenio (México: Fondo de Cultura Económica / Instituto de Ecologia: Universidade Autónoma do México/ Wildlife Conservation Society: 2002).3(12),
Rogério Cunha de Paula, Arnaud Desdiez, Sandra Cavalcanti (orgs.), Plano de Ação Nacional para a conservação da onça-pintada (Brasília: Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade-ICMBio, 2013).
Ronaldo G. Morato, Jared A. Stabach, Chris H. Fleming, Justin M. Calabrese, Rogério C. De Paula, Kátia M. P. M. Ferraz, Daniel L. Z. Kantek, Selma S. Miyazaki, Thadeu D. C. Pereira, Gediendson R. Araújo, Agustin Paviolo, Carlos De Ângelo, Mário S. Di Bitetti, Paula Cruz, Fernando Lima, Laury Cullen, Denis A. Sana, Emiliano E. Ramalho, Marina M. Carvalho, Fábio H. S. Soares, Barbara Zimbres, Marina X. Silva, Marcela D. F. Moraes, Alexandre Vogliotti, Joares A. May Jr., Mário Haberfeld, Lilian Rampim, Leonardo Sartorello, Milton C. Ribeiro, Peter Leimgruber, Space Use and Movement of a Neotropical Top Predator: The Endangered Jaguar, Plos One, 11(12) (2016).
Ronaldo Gonçalves Morato, Beatriz de Mello Beisiegel, Emiliano Esterci Ramalho, Cláudia Bueno de Campos, Ricardo Luiz Pires Boulhosa, Avaliação do risco de extinção da onça-pintada, Panthera onca (Linnaeus, 1758), no Brasil, Biodiversidade Brasileira, 3(1) (2013), pp. 122-132, 2013;
Sandra Maria Cintra Cavalcanti, Predator-prey relationships and spatial ecology of jaguars in the southern Pantanal, Brazil: implications for conservation and management (Doctoral dissertation in Wildlife Biology. Utah State University, 2008);
Sasha Siemel, Tigrero! (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1953).
Tadeu Gomes de Oliveira & Katia Cassaro, Guia de campo dos felinos do Brasil (São Paulo: Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, 2005);
Tadeu Gomes de Oliveira, Neotropical Cats: Ecology and Conservation (São Luís: EDUFMA, 1994);
Theodore Roosevelt, Through the Brazilian Wilderness (New York: Charles Scribners Sons, 1914), p. 26.
Thomas R. Dunlap, Saving America's Wildlife: Ecology and the American Mind, 1850-1990 (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1988).
Tony de Almeida, Jaguar Hunting in the Mato Grosso and Bolivia (Long Beach: Safari, 1990).
Rodolpho von Ihering, Dicionário dos Animais do Brasil (São Paulo: Difel, 2002), published originally in 1940;
Warren E. Johnson, Eduardo Eizirik & Stephen J. O’Brien, Evolución y genética de poblaciones de jaguar: implicaciones para los esfuerzos futuros de conservación, In: Medéllin, Equihua, Chetkiewicz, Crawshaw Júnior, Rabinowitz, Redford, Robinson, Sanderson, Taber (orgs), El Jaguar en el Nuevo Milenio…, pp. 551-600.
Yara Barros, Carlos R. Brocardo, Thiago Reginato, Sílvio Marchini, Sandra Cavalcanti, Rogério Cunha de Paula, Ricardo Boulhosa, Ricardo Luciano, Onças do Iguaçu: Guia de Convivência (Brasília: Projeto Onças do Iguaçu/WWF Brasil, 2018), available at: https://d3nehc6yl9qzo4.cloudfront.net/downloads/guia_oncasiguacu_v12.pdf
Alan Rabinowitz, An Indomitable Beast: The Remarkable Journey of the Jaguar (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2014); Alan Rabinowitz, Jaguar: One Man’s Struggle to Establish the World’s First Jaguar Preserve (Washington-DC, Island Press, 2000);
Brian Miller & Alan Rabinowitz, ¿ Por qué conservar al jaguar? In: Medéllin, Equihua, Chetkiewicz, Crawshaw Júnior, Rabinowitz, Redford, Robinson, Sanderson, Taber (orgs), El Jaguar en el Nuevo Milenio…, p. 303-315, 2002;
Brian Miller, Richard Reading, Jim Strittholt, Carlos Carrol, Reed Noss, Michael Soulé, Oscar Sánches, John Terborgh, Donald Brightsmith, Ted Cheeseman, David Foreman, Using focal species in the design of nature reserve networks, Wild Earth, 8 (1999), pp. 81-92;
Candice Millard, River of Doubt: Theodore Roosevelt’s darkest journey (New York: Doubleday, 2005).
Crawshaw & Quigley, A ecologia do jaguar ou onça-pintada no Pantanal Mato-grossense...; Franco, História da Panthera onca no Brasi...;
Crawshaw Junior, entrevista...; Ronaldo Morato, interview by José Luiz de Andrade Franco and Fernanda Cornils Monteiro Benevides (Atibaia-São Paulo, November 31st 2016).
David Quammen, Monster of God: the man-eating predator in the jungles of history and the mind (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2003).
Eduardo Eizirik, Jae-Heup Kim, Marilyn Menotti‐Raymond, Peter Crawshaw Júnior, Stephen J. O’Brien, Warren E. Johnson, Phylogeography, population history and conservation genetics of jaguars (Panthera onca, Mammalia, Felidae), Molecular Ecology, v. 10 (2001), n. 1, p. 65-79;
Emiliano Esterci Ramalho & William Ernest Magnussom. Uso do habitat por onça-pintada (Panthera onca) no entorno de lagos de várzea, Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável de Mamirauá, AM, Brasil. Uakari, 4(2) (2008), p. 33-39.
Emiliano Esterci Ramalho, Ecologia e Conservação da onça-pintada nas Florestas Alagáveis da Reserva Mamirauá (Doctoral Dissertatiuon in Wildlife Ecology and Conservation. University of Florida, 2012).
Emiliano Esterci Ramalho, interview by José Luiz de Andrade Franco, at the Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve - Amazonas (May 19th, 2013). About Project Iauaretê, see Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, O Macaqueiro, Ano XIII, nº 57 (January/February 2013).
Emiliano Esterci Ramalho, Uso do Habitat e Dieta da onça-pintada (Panthera onca) em uma área de várzea do médio rio Solimões (Master’s Thesis in Ecology. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia – INPA. 2006);
Eric W. Sanderson, Kent H. Redford, Cheryl-Lesley B. Chetkiewicz, Rodrigo A. Medellin, Alan R. Rabinowitz, John G. Robinson, Andrew B. Taber, Planning to save a species: the jaguar as a model, Conservation Biology, 16(1) (2002) p. 58-72;
Eurico Santos, Entre o Gambá e o Macaco (Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1984), originally published in 1945.
Evaristo Eduardo de Miranda & Liana John, Jaguar: O Rei das Américas (São Paulo: Metalivros, 2010); Emil B. McCain, Jack L. Childs. Evidence of resident jaguars (Panthera onca) in the southwestern United States and the implications for conservation, Journal of Mammalogy, 89(1) (2008), p. 1-10;
Fernando Cesar Cascelli de Azevedo, Dennis L. Murray. Evaluation of potential factors predisposing livestock to predation by jaguars. Journal of Wildlife Management, 71 (7) (2007), p. 2,379-2,386.
Fernando Cesar Cascelli de Azevedo, Predation patterns of jaguars (Panthera onca) in a seasonally flooded forest in the southern region of Pantanal, Brazil (Doctoral dissertation in Natural Resources, University of Idaho, 2006).
Francisco de Barros Júnior, Caçando e Pescando por todo o Brasil – 1ª Série – Brasil Sul (São Paulo: Melhoramentos, s/d), p. 244.
José Luiz de Andrade Franco. “História da Panthera onca no Brasil: entre o terror e a admiração (séculos XVI-XXI)”. In: História Ambiental: Territórios, fronteiras e biodiversidade, volume 2, ed. José Luiz de Andrade Franco; Sandro Dutra e Silva; José Augusto Drummond; &, Giovana Galvão Tavares.. (Rio de Janeiro: Garamond, 2016), pp. 393-426.
Kathy A. Zeller, Alan Rabinowitz, Roberto Salom-Perez, Howard Quigley, The Jaguar Corridor Initiative: A Range-Wide Conservation Strategy, In: Manuel Ruiz-Garcia & Joseph M. Shostell (eds), Molecular population genetics, evolutionary biology and biological conservation of neotropical carnivores (New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2013), pp. 629-658.
Kristin Nowell & Peter Jackson, Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan (IUCN, 1996);
Laury Cullen Jr, Kauê Cachuba, Denis A. Sana e Alessandra Ferreira Dales Nava, As onças-pintadas como detetives da paisagem no corredor do Alto Paraná, Brasil. In: Natureza e Conservação, 3 (1) (2005), p. 43-58.
Leandro Silveira e Peter Crawshaw Jr., Panthera onca. In: Angelo B. Monteiro Machado, Gláucia Moreira Drummond, Adriano Pereira Paglia (eds), Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção – Volume II (Belo Horizonte: Biodiversitas, 2008), pp. 793-794;
Leandro Silveira. Jaguar. In: Julie Scardina & Jeff Flocken (eds.), Wildlife Heroes: 40 Leading Conservationists and the Animals They Are Committed to Saving (Philadelphia: Running Press, 2012);
Luke Hunter, Carnivores of the World (New Jersey: Princeton University, 2011); Mel Sunquist & Fiona Sunquist, Wild Cats of the World (Chicago: University of Chicago, 2002);
Marianne K. Soisalo, Sandra M. C. Cavalcanti. Estimating the density of a jaguar population in the Brazilian Pantanal using camera-traps and capture–recapture sampling in combination with GPS radio-telemetry.In Biological Conservation, 129 (4) (2006), p. 487-496.
Nélio Roberto dos Reis, Adriano Lúcio Peracchi, Maíra Nunes Fregonezi, Bruna Karla Rossaneis, Mamíferos do Brasil: Guia de Identificação (Rio de Janeiro: Technical Books, 2010);
Panthera.org. Jaguar Fact Sheet. Available at: https://www.panthera.org/cms/sites/default/files/Panthera_FactSheets_Jaguar.pdf;
Peter Crawshaw Junior & Howard B. Quigley, A ecologia do jaguar ou onça-pintada no Pantanal Mato-grossense…, p. 37.
Peter S. Alagona, After the Grizzly: Endangered Species and the Politics of Place in California (Berkley: University of California Press, 2013);
Projeto Onças do Iguaçu, Boletim 001, A voz da onça de maio de 2018, available at: https://issuu.com/agencia_fog/docs/oncasdoiguacu_boletim_001_maio18?fbclid=IwAR2-Yn9wCrJYYYjAjSITEnxTCix-w5qDHGAh2GmQXYoKEHTmPFYhrm4EXGk
Rafael Hoogesteijn & Edgardo Mondolfi, El Jaguar: Tigre Americano (Caracas: Armitano, 1992); Kevin L. Seymour, Panthera onca - Mammalian Species, nº 340 (October 26, 1989), pp. 1-9;
Rodrigo A. Medellin, Clementina Equihua, Cheryl L. B. Chetkiewicz, Peter Crawshaw Jr, Alan Rabinowitz, Kent H. Redford, John G. Robinson, Eric Sanderson, Andrew Taber (eds.), El jaguar en el Nuevo Milenio (México: Fondo de Cultura Económica / Instituto de Ecologia: Universidade Autónoma do México/ Wildlife Conservation Society: 2002).3(12),
Rogério Cunha de Paula, Arnaud Desdiez, Sandra Cavalcanti (orgs.), Plano de Ação Nacional para a conservação da onça-pintada (Brasília: Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade-ICMBio, 2013).
Ronaldo G. Morato, Jared A. Stabach, Chris H. Fleming, Justin M. Calabrese, Rogério C. De Paula, Kátia M. P. M. Ferraz, Daniel L. Z. Kantek, Selma S. Miyazaki, Thadeu D. C. Pereira, Gediendson R. Araújo, Agustin Paviolo, Carlos De Ângelo, Mário S. Di Bitetti, Paula Cruz, Fernando Lima, Laury Cullen, Denis A. Sana, Emiliano E. Ramalho, Marina M. Carvalho, Fábio H. S. Soares, Barbara Zimbres, Marina X. Silva, Marcela D. F. Moraes, Alexandre Vogliotti, Joares A. May Jr., Mário Haberfeld, Lilian Rampim, Leonardo Sartorello, Milton C. Ribeiro, Peter Leimgruber, Space Use and Movement of a Neotropical Top Predator: The Endangered Jaguar, Plos One, 11(12) (2016).
Ronaldo Gonçalves Morato, Beatriz de Mello Beisiegel, Emiliano Esterci Ramalho, Cláudia Bueno de Campos, Ricardo Luiz Pires Boulhosa, Avaliação do risco de extinção da onça-pintada, Panthera onca (Linnaeus, 1758), no Brasil, Biodiversidade Brasileira, 3(1) (2013), pp. 122-132, 2013;
Sandra Maria Cintra Cavalcanti, Predator-prey relationships and spatial ecology of jaguars in the southern Pantanal, Brazil: implications for conservation and management (Doctoral dissertation in Wildlife Biology. Utah State University, 2008);
Sasha Siemel, Tigrero! (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1953).
Tadeu Gomes de Oliveira & Katia Cassaro, Guia de campo dos felinos do Brasil (São Paulo: Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, 2005);
Tadeu Gomes de Oliveira, Neotropical Cats: Ecology and Conservation (São Luís: EDUFMA, 1994);
Theodore Roosevelt, Through the Brazilian Wilderness (New York: Charles Scribners Sons, 1914), p. 26.
Thomas R. Dunlap, Saving America's Wildlife: Ecology and the American Mind, 1850-1990 (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1988).
Tony de Almeida, Jaguar Hunting in the Mato Grosso and Bolivia (Long Beach: Safari, 1990).
Rodolpho von Ihering, Dicionário dos Animais do Brasil (São Paulo: Difel, 2002), published originally in 1940;
Warren E. Johnson, Eduardo Eizirik & Stephen J. O’Brien, Evolución y genética de poblaciones de jaguar: implicaciones para los esfuerzos futuros de conservación, In: Medéllin, Equihua, Chetkiewicz, Crawshaw Júnior, Rabinowitz, Redford, Robinson, Sanderson, Taber (orgs), El Jaguar en el Nuevo Milenio…, pp. 551-600.
Yara Barros, Carlos R. Brocardo, Thiago Reginato, Sílvio Marchini, Sandra Cavalcanti, Rogério Cunha de Paula, Ricardo Boulhosa, Ricardo Luciano, Onças do Iguaçu: Guia de Convivência (Brasília: Projeto Onças do Iguaçu/WWF Brasil, 2018), available at: https://d3nehc6yl9qzo4.cloudfront.net/downloads/guia_oncasiguacu_v12.pdf
Downloads
Published
2018-12-10
How to Cite
Franco, J. L. A., Drummond, J. A. L., & Nora, F. P. de M. (2018). History of Science and Conservation of the Jaguar (Panthera onca) in Brazil. Historia Ambiental Latinoamericana Y Caribeña (HALAC) Revista De La Solcha, 8(2), 42–72. https://doi.org/10.32991/2237-2717.2018v8i2.p42-72
Issue
Section
Articles
License
This journal offers immediate free access to its content, following the principle that providing free scientific knowledge to the public provides greater global democratization of knowledge.
As of the publication in the magazine the authors have copyright and publication rights of their articles without restrictions.
The HALAC Magazine follows the legal precepts of the Creative Commons - Attribution-Non-Commercial 4.0 International license. 
