Agrarian Nationalism or “Imperial” Science? “El Sabio” Moisés S. Bertoni and Paraguayan Agricultural Science
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32991/2237-2717.2020v10i1.p194-222Palavras-chave:
Agricultural Science, Natural Science, Paraguay, TropicalResumo
As a contribution to recent discourse over the practice of natural science in Latin America’s liberal years, this paper examines Swiss-born botanist Moisés S. Bertoni’s place in Paraguay’s agricultural development following the Paraguayan War (1864-70). The war forced leaders in a devastated Paraguay to promote the immigration of European scientific experts and farmers, with the expectation that their knowledge of modern agricultural science and practice would revitalize the nation’s agriculture and lift Paraguay out of its poverty. From the late nineteenth century Bertoni’s work and knowledge of Paraguay’s tropical and semi-tropical climate and botany shaped much of Paraguayan agricultural policy and practice. And while his contributions were influential in understanding the nation’s environment and agriculture, what is unclear is how much his approach was the product of deliberate introduction of European agricultural science or the result of autochthonous experience and his own trial and error.
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———. “El Cambio de Clima En La Cuenca Del Río Paraguay: Consecuencias Actuales y Futuras - Causas y Remedios.” Revista de Agronomia y Ciencias Aplicadas (Asunción) 2, no. 9 (1901): 399–426.
———. Memoria Sobre La Existencia de Lluvias Periódicas En Determinados Días de Año: Un Factor Mas Para La Previsión Del Tiempo. Puerto Bertoni: Imprenta y Edición “Ex Sylvis,” 1918.
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Baratti, Danilo, and Patrizia Candolfi. Vida y Obra Del Sabio Bertoni - Moisés Santiago Bertoni (1857-1929): Un Naturalista Suizo En Paraguay. Asunción: Helvetas, 1999.
Bell, Stephen. A Life in Shadow: Aimé Bonpland in Southern South America, 1817–1858. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2010.
Bertoni, Moisés Santiago. Agenda & Mentor Agrícola: Guia Del Agricultor y Colono Con El Calendario de Todos Los Trabajos Rurales y Estudios de Las Cuestiones Rurales Principales Para El Paraguay y Los Países Limítrofes. 4th ed. Puerto Bertoni: Imprenta y Edición “Ex Sylvis,” 1927.
———. “Cuarta Conferencia Del Instituto Paraguayo, Por El Director de La Escuela de Agricultura.” Revista Del Instituto de Agricultura (Asunción) 2, no. 11 (1898): 199–202.
———. Descripción Fisica, Economica y Social Del Paraguay. La Civilización Guaraní, Parte I: Etnologia. Origen, Extensión y Cultura de La Raza Karaí-Guaraní y Protohistoria de Los Guaraníes. Puerto Bertoni: Imprensa y Edición “Ex Sylvis,” 1922.
———. “El Cambio de Clima En La Cuenca Del Río Paraguay: Consecuencias Actuales y Futuras - Causas y Remedios.” Revista de Agronomia y Ciencias Aplicadas (Asunción) 2, no. 9 (1901): 399–426.
———. Memoria Sobre La Existencia de Lluvias Periódicas En Determinados Días de Año: Un Factor Mas Para La Previsión Del Tiempo. Puerto Bertoni: Imprenta y Edición “Ex Sylvis,” 1918.
———. Resumen de Prehistoria y Protohistoria de Los Países Guaraníes: Conferencias Dadas En El Colegio Nacional de Segunda Enseñanza de La Asunción Los Dias 26 de Julio, 8 y 21 de Agosto de 1913. Edited by Juan E. O’Leary. Asunción, 1914.
Bont, Raf De. Stations in the Field: A History of Place-Based Animal Research, 1870-1930. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.
Chesterton, Bridget María. The Grandchildren of Solano López: Frontier and Nation in Paraguay, 1904-1936. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2013.
Chesterton, Bridget María, and Timothy Yang. “The Global Origins of a ‘Paraguayan’ Sweetener: Ka’a He’e and Stevia in the Twentieth Century.” Journal of World History 27, no. 2 (2016): 255–79. https://doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2016.0107.
Commons, Wikimedia. “Atlas of Paraguay.” wikimedia Commons Atlas of the World. Accessed March 31, 2020. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Paraguay.
Crosby, Alfred W. The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492. California: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1972.
Denevan, William M. “Carl Sauer and Native American Population Size.” Geographical Review 86, no. 3 (July 1996): 385–97. https://doi.org/10.2307/215502.
Duarte, Regina Horta. “Between the National and the Universal: Natural History Networks in Latin America in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries.” Isis 104, no. 4 (December 2013): 777–87. https://doi.org/10.1086/674944.
García, José E. “El Pensamiento de Moisés Bertoni Sobre El Origen y La Psicología de Los Indígenas Guaraníes.” Psicologia Em Pesquisa 8, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 53–65. https://doi.org/10.5327/Z1982-1247201400010006.
Glacken, Clarence J. Traces on the Rhodian Shore: Nature and Culture in Western Thought from Ancient Times to the End of the Eighteenth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967.
Livingstone, David N. Putting Science in Its Place: Geographies of Scientific Knowledge: Geographies of Scientific Knowledge. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.
McCook, Stuart. “Focus: Global Currents in National Histories of Science: The ‘Global Turn’ and the History of Science in Latin America - Introduction.” Isis 104, no. 4 (December 2013): 773–76. https://doi.org/10.1086/674943.
McCook, Stuart George. States of Nature: Science, Agriculture, and Environment in the Spanish Caribbean, 1760-1940. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002.
Paraguay. Lei no 422/73. Florestal. El Congreso de la Nacion Paraguaya Sanciona con Fuerza de Ley. (1973). http://www.infona.gov.py/application/files/8414/2893/9388/Ley_N_422_Forestal.pdf.
Rodriguez, Julia. “Beyond Prejudice and Pride: The Human Sciences in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Latin America.” Isis 104, no. 4 (December 2013): 807–17. https://doi.org/10.1086/674947.
Scott, James C. Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998.
The Conversation. “Hissstory: How the Science of Snake Bite Treatments Has Changed.” The Conversation: Academic rigor, journalistic flair, 2017. https://theconversation.com/hissstory-how-the-science-of-snake-bite-treatments-has-changed-71408.
Touring Club. “Moisés Bertoni, El Sabio Que Se Enamoró de Paraguay.” Touring Club: Revista Oficial del Touring y Automóvil Club Paraguayo, 2019. http://touring.indusant.com/moises-bertoni-el-sabio-que-se-enamoro-de-paraguay/.
UNA. “Reseña Histórica.” Una: Universidad Nacional de Asunción. Accessed June 15, 2019. https://www.una.py/la-universidad/institucional/resena-historica/.
Vera, Roque González. “Horacio Cartes Tumbó Dos Millones de Árbores de Su Estancia En Un Mes.” abc Color, 2017. http://www.abc.com.py/edicion-impresa/economia/horacio-cartes-tumbo-dos-millones-de-arboles-de-su-estancia-en-un-mes-1649785.html.
Weart, Spencer R. The Discovery of Global Warming: Revised and Expanded Edition (New Histories of Science, Technology, and Medicine). Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2008.
———. “The Discovery of Global Warming,” 2019. https://history.aip.org/climate/index.htm.
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2020-05-06
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Wilcox, R. (2020). Agrarian Nationalism or “Imperial” Science? “El Sabio” Moisés S. Bertoni and Paraguayan Agricultural Science. Historia Ambiental Latinoamericana Y Caribeña (HALAC) Revista De La Solcha, 10(1), 194–222. https://doi.org/10.32991/2237-2717.2020v10i1.p194-222
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